30 Time library [time]

30.12 Formatting [time.format]

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Each formatter ([format.formatter]) specialization in the chrono library ([time.syn]) meets the Formatter requirements ([formatter.requirements]).
The parse member functions of these formatters interpret the format specification as a chrono-format-spec according to the following syntax:
chrono-format-spec :
fill-and-align width precision L chrono-specs
chrono-specs :
conversion-spec
chrono-specs conversion-spec
chrono-specs literal-char
literal-char :
any character other than {, }, or %
conversion-spec :
% modifier type
modifier : one of
E O
type : one of
a A b B c C d D e F g G h H I j m M n
p q Q r R S t T u U V w W x X y Y z Z %
The productions fill-and-align, width, and precision are described in [format.string].
Giving a precision specification in the chrono-format-spec is valid only for types that are specializations of std​::​chrono​::​duration for which the nested typedef-name rep denotes a floating-point type.
For all other types, an exception of type format_error is thrown if the chrono-format-spec contains a precision specification.
All ordinary multibyte characters represented by literal-char are copied unchanged to the output.
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A formatting locale is an instance of locale used by a formatting function, defined as
  • (2.1)
    the "C" locale if the L option is not present in chrono-format-spec, otherwise
  • (2.2)
    the locale passed to the formatting function if any, otherwise
  • (2.3)
    the global locale.
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Each conversion specifier conversion-spec is replaced by appropriate characters as described in Table 128; the formats specified in ISO 8601-1:2019 shall be used where so described.
Some of the conversion specifiers depend on the formatting locale.
If the string literal encoding is a Unicode encoding form and the locale is among an implementation-defined set of locales, each replacement that depends on the locale is performed as if the replacement character sequence is converted to the string literal encoding.
If the formatted object does not contain the information the conversion specifier refers to, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
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The result of formatting a std​::​chrono​::​duration instance holding a negative value, or an hh_mm_ss object h for which h.is_negative() is true, is equivalent to the output of the corresponding positive value, with a STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("-") character sequence placed before the replacement of the initial conversion specifier.
[Example 1: cout << format("{:%T}", -10'000s); // prints: -02:46:40 cout << format("{:%H:%M:%S}", -10'000s); // prints: -02:46:40 cout << format("minutes {:%M, hours %H, seconds %S}", -10'000s); // prints: minutes -46, hours 02, seconds 40 — end example]
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Unless explicitly requested, the result of formatting a chrono type does not contain time zone abbreviation and time zone offset information.
If the information is available, the conversion specifiers %Z and %z will format this information (respectively).
[Note 1: 
If the information is not available and a %Z or %z conversion specifier appears in the chrono-format-spec, an exception of type format_error is thrown, as described above.
— end note]
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If the type being formatted does not contain the information that the format flag needs, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
[Example 2: 
A duration does not contain enough information to format as a weekday.
— end example]
However, if a flag refers to a “time of day” (e.g., %H, %I, %p, etc.)
, then a specialization of duration is interpreted as the time of day elapsed since midnight.
Table 128: Meaning of conversion specifiers [tab:time.format.spec]
Specifier
Replacement
%a
The locale's abbreviated weekday name.
If the value does not contain a valid weekday, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%A
The locale's full weekday name.
If the value does not contain a valid weekday, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%b
The locale's abbreviated month name.
If the value does not contain a valid month, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%B
The locale's full month name.
If the value does not contain a valid month, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%c
The locale's date and time representation.
The modified command %Ec produces the locale's alternate date and time representation.
%C
The year divided by 100 using floored division.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %EC produces the locale's alternative representation of the century.
%d
The day of month as a decimal number.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %Od produces the locale's alternative representation.
%D
Equivalent to %m/%d/%y.
%e
The day of month as a decimal number.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with a space.
The modified command %Oe produces the locale's alternative representation.
%F
Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d.
%g
The last two decimal digits of the calendar year as specified in ISO 8601-1:2019 for the week calendar.
If the result is a single digit it is prefixed by 0.
%G
The calendar year as a decimal number, as specified in ISO 8601-1:2019 for the week calendar.
If the result is less than four digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits.
%h
Equivalent to %b.
%H
The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OH produces the locale's alternative representation.
%I
The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OI produces the locale's alternative representation.
%j
If the type being formatted is a specialization of duration, the decimal number of days without padding.
Otherwise, the day of the year as a decimal number.
January 1 is 001.
If the result is less than three digits, it is left-padded with 0 to three digits.
%m
The month as a decimal number.
Jan is 01.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %Om produces the locale's alternative representation.
%M
The minute as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OM produces the locale's alternative representation.
%n
A new-line character.
%p
The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock.
%q
The duration's unit suffix as specified in [time.duration.io].
%Q
The duration's numeric value (as if extracted via .count()).
%r
The locale's 12-hour clock time.
%R
Equivalent to %H:%M.
%S
Seconds as a decimal number.
If the number of seconds is less than 10, the result is prefixed with 0.
If the precision of the input cannot be exactly represented with seconds, then the format is a decimal floating-point number with a fixed format and a precision matching that of the precision of the input (or to a microseconds precision if the conversion to floating-point decimal seconds cannot be made within 18 fractional digits).
The character for the decimal point is localized according to the locale.
The modified command %OS produces the locale's alternative representation.
%t
A horizontal-tab character.
%T
Equivalent to %H:%M:%S.
%u
The calendar day of week as a decimal number (1-7), as specified in ISO 8601-1:2019, where Monday is 1.
The modified command %Ou produces the locale's alternative representation.
%U
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Sunday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OU produces the locale's alternative representation.
%V
The calendar week of year as a decimal number, as specified in ISO 8601-1:2019 for the week calendar.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OV produces the locale's alternative representation.
%w
The weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0.
The modified command %Ow produces the locale's alternative representation.
%W
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Monday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OW produces the locale's alternative representation.
%x
The locale's date representation.
The modified command %Ex produces the locale's alternate date representation.
%X
The locale's time representation.
The modified command %EX produces the locale's alternate time representation.
%y
The last two decimal digits of the year.
If the result is a single digit it is prefixed by 0.
The modified command %Oy produces the locale's alternative representation.
The modified command %Ey produces the locale's alternative representation of offset from %EC (year only).
%Y
The year as a decimal number.
If the result is less than four digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits.
The modified command %EY produces the locale's alternative full year representation.
%z
The offset from UTC as specified in ISO 8601-1:2019, 5.3.4.1.
For example -0430 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC.
If the offset is zero, +0000 is used.
The modified commands %Ez and %Oz insert a : between the hours and minutes: -04:30.
If the offset information is not available, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%Z
The time zone abbreviation.
If the time zone abbreviation is not available, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
%%
A % character.
7
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If the chrono-specs is omitted, the chrono object is formatted as if by streaming it to basic_ostringstream<charT> os with the formatting locale imbued and copying os.str() through the output iterator of the context with additional padding and adjustments as specified by the format specifiers.
[Example 3: string s = format("{:=>8}", 42ms); // value of s is "====42ms" — end example]
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For chrono​::​duration the library only provides the following specialization of enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization: template<class Rep, class Period> constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization< chrono::duration<Rep, Period>> = enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization<Rep>;
9
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For chrono​::​zoned_time the library only provides the following specialization of enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization: template<class Duration> constexpr bool enable_nonlocking_formatter_optimization< chrono::zoned_time<Duration, const std::chrono::time_zone*>> = true;
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::sys_time<Duration>, charT>;
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::utc_time<Duration>, charT>;
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
If the argument represents a time during a positive leap second insertion, and if a seconds field is formatted, the integral portion of that format is STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("60").
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::tai_time<Duration>, charT>;
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("TAI").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_time initialized with sys_time<Duration>{tp.time_since_epoch()} - (sys_days{1970y/January/1} - sys_days{1958y/January/1})
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::gps_time<Duration>, charT>;
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("GPS").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_time initialized with sys_time<Duration>{tp.time_since_epoch()} + (sys_days{1980y/January/Sunday[1]} - sys_days{1970y/January/1})
🔗
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::file_time<Duration>, charT>;
14
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_time initialized with clock_cast<system_clock>(t), or by a utc_time initialized with clock_cast<utc_clock>(t), where t is the first argument to format.
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local_time<Duration>, charT>;
15
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Remarks: If %Z, %z, or a modified version of %z is used, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
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template<class Duration> struct local-time-format-t { // exposition only local_time<Duration> time; // exposition only const string* abbrev; // exposition only const seconds* offset_sec; // exposition only };
🔗
template<class Duration> local-time-format-t<Duration> local_time_format(local_time<Duration> time, const string* abbrev = nullptr, const seconds* offset_sec = nullptr);
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Returns: {time, abbrev, offset_sec}.
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template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT>;
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Let f be a local-time-format-t<Duration> object passed to formatter​::​format.
18
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Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with *f.abbrev if f.abbrev is not a null pointer value.
If %Z is used and f.abbrev is a null pointer value, an exception of type format_error is thrown.
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, it is formatted with the value of *f.offset_sec if f.offset_sec is not a null pointer value.
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used and f.offset_sec is a null pointer value, then an exception of type format_error is thrown.
🔗
template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>, charT> : formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT> { template<class FormatContext> typename FormatContext::iterator format(const chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& tp, FormatContext& ctx) const; };
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template<class FormatContext> typename FormatContext::iterator format(const chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& tp, FormatContext& ctx) const;
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Effects: Equivalent to: sys_info info = tp.get_info(); return formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT>:: format({tp.get_local_time(), &info.abbrev, &info.offset}, ctx);